移动无线通信信道建模

clarke model

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clear;
clc;

c=3e8;
fc=3e10;
v=100;%100m/s
M=10000;
fm=fc*v/c;
theta_range = linspace(-pi,pi,M);
f_doppler=cos(theta_range);%归一化

%解析解
exact_pdf = 1./(pi*sqrt(1 - f_doppler.^2));
plot(f_doppler, exact_pdf,'LineWidth', 4,'DisplayName','解析解');
xlim([-0.98,0.98]);
ylim([0,1]);
hold on;


%估计
x_eval = linspace(-1, 1, 100);
[~, ~, bw] = ksdensity(f_doppler, 'Function', 'pdf');
disp(['默认带宽: ', num2str(bw)]);
bw_values = [0.01, 0.05, 0.1];%不同带宽值
for i = 1:length(bw_values)
[pdf, x] = ksdensity(f_doppler, x_eval, 'Bandwidth', bw_values(i));
plot(x, pdf, 'LineWidth', 1.5, 'DisplayName', ['带宽=' num2str(bw_values(i))]);
xlim([-0.98,0.98]);
ylim([0,1]);
hold on;
end
[pdf, x] = ksdensity(f_doppler, x_eval);
plot(x, pdf, 'LineWidth', 1.5,'DisplayName',['默认带宽=' num2str(bw)]);
xlabel('归一化频率 f/f_m');
legend;
title('多普勒谱概率密度');

Q&A

  1. Explain what is radio channel and why radio channel modeling is important?
    Radio channel:propagation channel(环境)+antenna
    Important:

    • 需要知道信道来处理信息
    • 信道是无线通信重要组成部分
    • 唯一无法被控制的成分(5G之前,现在有RIS)
    • 知道信道性能对系统,算法,天线设计至关重要
  2. Narrowband channel, how it is modeled and explain its components.
    路径损耗(与d有关)+大尺度衰落(对数正态分布)+小尺度衰落(rayleigh/rice…distribution)

  3. Explain Free-space path loss, explain why mmWave frequency was regarded as “junk frequency” bank for cellular communication early days and how the concerns are handled in mmWave 5G.
    Free-space path loss:path loss for LOS path
    mmWave 带宽大,带来噪声大,SNR低
    handled:beforming,

  4. Explain large-scale and small-scale fading, what is the root cause of small-scale fading?
    large-scale fading:接收端移动一大段距离,能量缓慢衰减
    small-scale fading:接收端移动一小段距离,能量就有很大衰减

    • root cause:接收端是不同路径独立衰落信号的矢量叠加,移动一小段距离,根据平面波模型,不同路径的相位就发生很大变化,再叠加,变化就很大
  5. Derive the Doppler frequency, explain Doppler power spectrum

    Doppler power spectrum:大量不同来波方向的平面波到达移动端产生不同多普勒频移,形成谱

  6. Explain fast fading and slow fading
    由多普勒频移产生,频域上最大多普勒频移与相干时间成反比,相干时间反映了信道时域的变化
    symbol period < coherence time,码元持续时间信道还未变化,slow fading
    symbol period > coherence time,码元持续时间信道发生变化,fast fading

  7. Explain channel impulse response(CIR)
    输入冲激信号,接收端得到冲激响应
    反映了无线信道的多径成分,包含每条路径的时延

  8. Explain channel frequency response
    CIR做傅里叶变换

  9. Explain frequency-flat and frequency-selective channel
    信号通过多径到达接收方,每条路径距离不同,到达时间不同,产生了时延,频域上幅频就有了起伏,引出了相干带宽,信道相干带宽与最大时延差成反比
    信号带宽 > 相干带宽,frequency-selective,
    信号带宽 < 相干带宽,frequency-flat,窄带系统,无法区分多径,不同多径直接矢量叠加

  10. Explain h(t,τ), what does t and τ denote? What is the meaning of it?
    t:反映了多普勒频移,信道时间上的变化,有doppler spectrum,与Tx,Rx以及环境运动有关
    τ:反映了多径,在宽带系统中,当时延扩展(时延差)大于1/宽带,接收机可以分辨多径

  11. Explain the wideband tapped delay line model, understand table 3GPP TR38.901 Table 7.7.2-1 TDL-A model
    Tx,Rx在椭圆焦点上,有很多椭圆,每一个椭圆有很多条路径,这些路径时延是差不多的,无法区分
    在时延维度,固定时间,信道冲激响应表现为一个个冲激信号
    在时间维度,固定时延,由于很多条路径叠加,每条路径都是一个随机过程,不同路径是独立的,根据中心极限定理,接收机收到的信号服从复高斯分布,即模服从rayleigh分布
    TDL-A model:椭圆个数(时延个数),时延,功率,衰落分布

  12. Explain why fading can affect communication performance and list possible strategies to combat fading.
    降低信号功率,降到一定值,接收机收不到信号
    分集(降低误码率)
    复用(提高数据速率):MIMO
    波束赋形(提高信噪比)